קהילת יהודי הולנד

Abraham Goldsmid (1756-1810), financier and philanthropist; born in Holland third son of Aaron Goldsmid. In about 1765 he went to England with his father, and soon entered into partnership with his brother, Benjamin Goldsmid, the two starting in business as bill-brokers about 1777. They afterward took a house in Capel street, and soon became successful bidders for the national loan. It was regarded on the Stock Exchange as an unprecedented event that men, till then scarcely known, should succeed in wresting the negotiation of government loans from the hands of the banking clique. This was the first step in their rise to eminence; and after having been very successful in negotiating several public loans, they acquired considerable wealth.

After the death of his brother Benjamin in 1808, Abraham continued the operations of the firm. In 1810 the house of Baring & Goldsmid contracted for the government loan of £14,000,000 ($70,000,000). Sir T. Baring, with whom the Goldsmids had been connected in business, died at this juncture; and his death added greatly to Goldsmid's many burdens, he having now to struggle alone. In addition, a powerful organization had been formed against the loan, and the resources of the two houses of Baring & Goldsmid combined were scarcely sufficient to combat it. The price of scrip fell daily, and the fortunes of Goldsmid fell with it. At the same time, the East India Company, which had placed in his hands for sale bills of exchange to the value of half a million, became alarmed, and claimed the price of its property. The payment was fixed for Sept. 28, 1810. Goldsmid was unprepared, and on the following morning he was found dead, with a pistol by his side.

The Goldsmid firm subsequently made great efforts to discharge their liabilities. By 1816 they had paid fully fifteen shillings on the pound; and in 1820 Parliament, on the petition of the creditors, annulled the remaining portion of the debts.

Benjamin Goldsmid (1755-1808), financier and philanthropist.

Born in Holland, eldest son of Aaron Goldsmid, a London merchant. In 1777, Benjamin and his brother Abraham established themselves in business as bill-brokers. Their means increased on the death of an uncle in Holland who bequeathed to them £15,000. The marriage of Benjamin Goldsmid to Jessie, daughter of Israel Levin Salomons with a dowry of £100,000, placed the credit of the firm on a solid footing. Large sums passed through the hands of the Goldsmids in the purchase and sale of bullion, stocks, navy and exchequer bills, and in negotiating English and foreign bills of exchange. They became the largest loan contractors of their day in England. Benjamin's great wealth brought him much social recognition, and he was intimately connected with Pitt, whose financial schemes were largely carried out through him, and with several members of the royal family, who visited him at Rochampton.

Goldsmid was the founder of the Naval Asylum, which for a time was under his management. The two brothers collected a fund for a Jewish hospital. This was never erected, but some of the money raised was used in building and endowing the Neweh Zedek, at Mile End.

Jacob Israel De Haan(1881-1924), writer and journalist and representative of Haredi Jews in Jerusalem, born in Smilde, Netherlands. He was one of eighteen children and received a traditional Jewish education. His father, Yitzchak HaLevi de Haan, was poor and worked as a cantor and ritual slaughterer.

De Haan worked as a teacher and studied law between 1903 and 1909. Abandoning his parents' Orthodoxy, he wrote for several socialist publications. In 1904, while living in Amsterdam, he wrote a controversial novel "Pijpelijntjes" ("Lines from De Pijp"). The homo-eroticism of the book, which was to some degree autobiographical, was quite shocking in the early 20th century and led to his dismissal from his teaching job and also from social-democratic political circles. In 1912 de Haan made visited Czarist Russia in order to study the situation of political prisoners in Russia. He published his findings in his book "In Russian Prisons" (1913) and then founded a committee which tried to persuade France and Great Britain to pressurize Russia to improve the prisoners' conditions. In a late publication of Amnesty International he was described as "a precursor of Amnesty International". Between 1914 and 1921 he published five volumes of poems.

In 1919, having developed an interest in Zionism and concern over anti-Semitism, he emigrated to Palestine where De Haan rapidly became religiously committed although scandals about his sexual preferences again surfaced from time to time. He was angered by Zionist refusals to cooperate with Arabs. At first he aligned himself with the Mizrachi movement, but after meeting Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld leader of the Haredi community, he became the political spokesman of the Haredim in Jerusalem and was elected political secretary of the Orthodox community council, Vaad Ha'ir. The secular Zionist establishment did not agree that the Haredi community in Palestine should be represented on the Jewish Agency in the 1920s. In response, the Haredim founded an Agudat Israel branch in Jerusalem to represent their interests in Mandate Palestine. The leader of the Haredim chose de Haan to organize and represent the Haredi position on a diplomatic level equal to that of the secular Zionists. When Lord Northcliffe, a British newspaper publisher, was about to visit the Middle East, de Haan went to Alexandria in Egypt to present the case of Palestine's Haredim. The Zionist authorities both in Palestine and London became very worried. De Haan also met with the Hashemite leader Hussein bin Ali seeking his support for the "Yishuv Hayashan" (the pre-Zionist Jewish community in the Holy Land), and explaining the Haredi Jewish opposition to the Zionist plans of founding a state, and their support for the establishment of a Palestinian state in the whole of Palestine.

De Haan was assassinated on 30 June 1924 in Jerusalem by Avraham Tehomi, a member of Haganah, for his anti-Zionist political activities and contacts with Arab leaders. He is believed to be the first victim of Zionist political violence. De Haan is revered as a martyr among certain sections of the Haredi Jewish community, particularly the Neturei Karta and HaEdah HaCharedit. His activities were perceived as undermining the struggle for the establishment of a Jewish state, but the assassination sparked a controversy.

Jacques Presser (1899-1970), professor of history at University of Amsterdam, Holland, writer and poet best known for his book on the history of the persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands during World War II, born in Amsterdam to a secular Jewish family. When he was young, his family lived for some time in Antwerp, Belgium, where his father found work as a diamond cutter.

After finishing a vocational college and working for a few years he attended the University of Amsterdam where he studied history and art history. He graduated in 1926 and then taught history at the newly founded Vossius Gymnasium in Amsterdam. In 1930 he became a lecturer at the Instituut voor Historische Leergangen. In 1939 he published an article “Anti-Semitism as a historical Phenomenon”. When Germany invaded the Netherlands in 1940, he tried to flee to England. When this attempt did not succeed he tried to commit suicide. As a Jew he was dismissed from the Vossius Gymnasium, but was permitted to teach at a Jewish school. In early 1943, his wife Deborah Apple was arrested and deported to the Sobibor death camp, where she was murdered. He managed to escape a similar fate by hiding out in four different addresses in a small town in the countryside. During this time he wrote a history of America which was published in 1949.

After the end of World War II, Presser was reinstated at the Vossius Gymnasium, and became also a lecturer in political history, didactics, and the methodology of history at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Amsterdam. In 1947 he also began to teach at the University's politico-social faculty of law and the following year he was appointed professor at the Faculty of Arts. Holding left-wing views, he spoke out on several sensitive political issues such as the Dutch police actions in Indonesia, and the activities of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy against suspected Communists. He also contributed to the leftist magazines like "Vrij Nederland", and "De Waarheid". In 1952 he was appointed full professor. In 1950 Presser was requested by the Dutch government to produce a study about the fate of Dutch Jews during the war. "Ondergang", published in English as “Ashes in the Wind: The destruction of the Dutch Jews”, appeared in 1965, became his most important and best known work. Besides history books, Presser also wrote novels. His book "The Night of the Girondists", which was based on his war time experiences, received literary prizes, and became an international best-seller. Set in the Dutch transit camp of Westerbork, the leading character of this book is an assimilated Jewish teacher who collaborated with the Nazis. His job was to select Jews for transportation to Auschwitz; later he realised that, as a Jew, he was also bound to share the fate of those whom he had selected for deportation.

Anne (Annelies Marie) Frank (1929-1945), author, born in  Frankfurt on Main, Germany. She was taken with her family to Amsterdam after the Nazis seized power in 1933. After Holland was invaded in 1940, her father prepared for the eventuality of hiding and in July 1942 the family and a few friends moved into the attic of the vacant annex of her father's business premises where they were hidden by four of her father's employees. For the next two years they remained in the attic and Anne kept a diary of their life. In Aug. 1944, after being tipped off, the Germans arrested them all and send them to death camps. Anne and her sister were sent to Bergen-Belsen Nazi concentration camp where they died of typhus in March 1945. Her diary was discovered by one of those who had hidden them and given to her father who survived the war. First published in 1947, it became a recognized world classic translated into numerous languages. The house in which they hid, known as the Anne Frank House, became a center of pilgrimage for visitors from all parts of the world and houses the Anne Frank Foundation established to fight anti-Semitism and racism.

Louis de Jong (1914-2005), historian and writer who spent much of the latter part of his life writing about the Netherlands under the Nazi occupation during World War II. The son of a diamond worker he was born in Amsterdam and became foreign editor of the anti-Nazi weekly "De Groener Amsterdammer". His magnum opus, :Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog" ("The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II")was published in fourteen volumes and 18,000 pages. First published in 1967, it is the standard reference work on the history of the Netherlands during World War II. The Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (Dutch Institute for War Documentation) produced an electronic edition of the the entire work available in 2011.

De Jong contributed to many other histories on the Netherlands and was a speaker at symposia on the European resistance. In 1988 De Jong was awarded the Gouden Ganzenveer for his contributions to Dutch written and printed culture.

De Jong managed to escape the Holocaust by fleeing to England together with his wife when the Germans invaded the Netherlands. During that time he worked for Radio Oranje broadcasting out of London to the occupied Netherlands. In 1945 he was appointed director of the Dutch Institute for War Documentation and in 1953 he was awarded a doctorate with a study of the German Fifth column. From 1967 he was professor of contemporary history at the School of Economics at Rotterdam. De Jong lost the greater part of his family, including his parents and his twin brother during the Second World War.

Siegfried Kurt Baschwitz (1886-1968), journalist and professor of press, propaganda and public opinion, born in Offenburg, Germany, the son of a brewer. His parents were assimilated Jews who were extremely proud of their German heritage.

Around 1911 it seems that he decided to convert to Christianity, although he never tried to hide his Jewish origins. Baschwitz studied at several universities but graduated in economics and held pronounced liberal views. He was awarded a doctorate with a thesis about the social reformer Lujo Brentano and then started his career as a journalist writing for several German national newspapers. During World War I he was correspondent for a newspaper in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and learned to speak Dutch. Influenced deeply by what he considered to be humiliating terms forced on Germany at the end of the war, his political opinions veered considerably towards the right although he soon recognized the potential dangers of extremism in German society.

In 1923 he wrote his first book, about the manipulation of public opinion by the press and propaganda. In addition to his work as a journalist he became an erudite and popular public speaker. In 1930 he was offered a position on the faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Germany, but he refused, apparently on account of the growing anti-Semitic climate in Germany which would make his life and that of his family difficult. He, however, continued to write on the history of the press, the hatred of minority groups in society and censorship. Early in 1933, after Hitler came to power and when it was no longer possible for his work to be published in Germany, Baschwitz fled to Holland. There he started to work for a research agency which published information about the dark side of German National Socialism. In 1935 he was offered a position with the International Institute of Social History and then in the same year he started to lecture on the history of newspapers at the University of Amsterdam. In 1938 he published a work on the abuse of on mass psychology which was a strong attack on the Nazi behaviour. In 1940, certain that he would be on the Gestapo's list of wanted persons, Baschwitz went into hiding in Amsterdam but continued to study and write under the pseudonym Casimir K. Fisherman. However, in 1942 he was arrested and taken to the Westerbork concentration camp. Five days later his eldest daughter Isa, who was active in the anti-Nazi Dutch Resistance movement, succeeded in obtaining his release with the help of false identity papers which showed that he was not a Jew.

After World War II he was reinstated as a lecturer at the University of Amsterdam. In 1948 he became associate professor in the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences and four years later he was made full professor in science and mass media in the psychology department. In July 1948 he founded and became the first director of the Dutch Institute for the Science of the Press which organized courses for the training of young journalists. He was considered to be a pioneer in communication science and mass psychology and contributed much to the international exchange of information and research among scholars in the field. After 1945, one of his major efforts was to rediscover information on the field had been lost because of the war. "Gazette", the international journal that he founded in 1955, was the mouthpiece of this campaign and acted as a liaison centre for research and researchers from different parts of the world. His magnum opus, "Hexen und Hexenprozesse: Geschichte eines Masewnwahns und seiner Bekaempfung" which discussed methods of fighting attempts at mass delusion appeared in 1963 and was printed in several languages.

Bachwitz was a personal friend and neighbour of Otto Frank, the father of Anna Frank. He was called upon as an expert witness to authenticate the "Diary of Anna Frank".

Lodewijk Ernst Visser (1871-1942), jurist, born in Amersfoort, Netherlands. Educated as a lawyer he could not fulfil his ambition of becoming a diplomat because he was Jewish. He was appointed general prosecutor in Amsterdam and judge of the district court in 1903. In 1915 he was named judge of the High Court of which he became president in 1939. He was a member of the Netherlands Privy Council. Jewishly active, Visser was chairman of the executive of the Keren HaYesod in the Netherlands. Following the German invasion, he was dismissed from all state posts and became a symbol of Jewish resistance, trying to help arrested Jews, joining the general resistance and heading the Jewish community. He died three days after refusing an order to cease anti-German activities. His wife and son perished in Nazi concentration camps. In 1968 the square in front of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam was named in his honor.

HOLLAND

שמות משפחה נובעים מכמה מקורות שונים. לעיתים לאותו שם קיים יותר מהסבר אחד. שם משפחה זה הוא מסוג השמות הטופונימיים (שם הנגזר משם של מקום כגון עיירה, עיר, מחוז או ארץ). שמות אלו, אשר נובעים משמות של מקומות, לא בהכרח מעידים על קשר היסטורי ישיר לאותו מקום, אבל יכולים להצביע על קשר בלתי ישיר בין נושא השם או אבותיו לבין מקום לידה, מגורים ארעיים, אזור מסחר או קרובי משפחה.

הולנד הוא שמו של מחוז בארצות השפלה ושם נרדף לכל ארצות השפלה. על פי הסברה היהודים חיו שם מאז התקופה הרומית. נוכחותם של היהודים בארצות השפלה מתועדת החל מהמאה ה-12.

כשם משפחה יהודי הולנד יכול להיות קשור גם למספר כפרים שנוסדו ע"י חקלאים הולנדים בליטא ובפולין במאה ה-16.

אישים מוכרים בעלי שם המשפחה היהודי הולנד כוללים את המטאורולוג האמריקאי מהמאה ה-20 יהושע זלמן הולנד.

VAN ROSENDAAL

שמות משפחה נובעים מכמה מקורות שונים. לעיתים לאותו שם קיים יותר מהסבר אחד. שם משפחה זה נגזר מהטבע (מושגים טופוגרפיים, צמחים וחיות). שם משפחה זה נובע גם משם מלאכותי, כלומר שם שאין לו קשר לשום תכונה של מי שנשא אותו לראשונה. שמות מלאכותים מורכבים לרוב משני חלקים.

רוסנדל הוא גרסה הולנדית של השם הגרמני רוזנטל. הפירוש המילולי של השם רוזנטל הוא "עמק של שושנים". פירוש המילה ההולנדית "ואן" הוא "מ-", "מוצאו מ-", "של". שמות משפחה יהודיים המכילים את המילה רוסה/רוזה נחשבים לשמות מטרונימים, כלומר שמות משפחה אשר נגזרו משמה הפרטי של אחת מאמהות המשפחה. מקור נוסף יכולים להיות שלטי הבית בצורה של שושנה, כפי שהיו נהוגים בערי גרמניה בימי הביניים, למשל ברובע היהודי של העיר פרנקפורט אם מיין. עם הזמן, רבים משלטי הבתים יצרו שמות משפחה קבועים. המילה "רוזה" נכללת בשמות של מספר ערים ועיירות בגרמניה, ביניהן רוזנפלד בווירטמברג; רוזנגרטן ברייניש-הסן; רוזנהיים בבאווריה; ורוזנטל בהסן: כל שמות המקומות האלה קיימים גם כשמות משפחה יהודיים.

במקרים מסויימים שמות משפחה המכילים את ההברה "רוס"/"רוז" עוברתו לשם "רוזן". ואן רוסנדל מתועד כשם משפחה יהודי בתחילתהמאה ה-19 בעיר ברדה, הולנד, עם אדריאן ואן רוסנדל.