קהילת יהודי ורוצלאב

 

 

יוליוס שטרן (1820- 1883), מחנך מוסיקלי ומנצח. נולד בברסלאו, גרמניה (היום ורוצלב, פולין). הוא הקים ב-1847 את אגודת הזמרה של שטרן (Sternscher Gesangverein), שעליה ניצח עד 1874. ב-1859 ייסד ביחד עם ת' קולק וא"ב מרקס את הקונסרבטוריון של ברלין. אחרי עזיבתם של השניים (ב-1855 וב-1856) נודע הקונסרבטוריון בשם קונסרבטוריון שטרן. הוא ניהל אותו, ביסס את שמו ופרסומו והפך אותו לאחד מבתי הספר למוסיקה הטובים ביותר באירופה. בשנים 1871-1869 ניצח על התזמורת הסימפונית של ברלין ובשנים 1875-1873 ניהל את סדרת הקונצרטים Reichshalle. יצירותיו כוללות אופרה ומוסיקה קאמרית. נפטר בברלין, גרמניה.

Max Born (1882-1970), physicist, 1954 Nobel Prize winner, born in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, in Poland), to Professor Gustav Born, anatomist and embryologist, and his wife Margarete née Kauffmann, who was a member of a Silesian family of industrialists.

Born attended the König Wilhelm's Gymnasium in Breslau and continued his studies at the Universities of Breslau, Heidelberg, Zurich and Göttingen. He studied not only mathematics and physics, but also studied astronomy. He was awarded the Prize of the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Göttingen for his work on the stability of elastic wires and tapes in 1906, and graduated at this university a year later on the basis of this work.

Back in Breslau during the years 1908-1909, he studied the theory of relativity. On account of his work on the relativistic electron he began to lecture at Goettingen. In World War I he joined the German Armed Forces and worked in a scientific office of the army. At the conclusion of the war in 1919, Born was appointed Professor at the University of Frankfurt am Main, where a laboratory was put at his disposal. Born went to Göttingen as Professor in 1921 and remained there for twelve years. During these years the Professor's most important works were created; first a modernized version of his book on crystals, and numerous investigations by him and his pupils on crystal lattices, followed by a series of studies on the quantum theory. During the years 1925 and 1926 he published, together with others, investigations on the principles of quantum mechanics (matrix mechanics) and soon after this, his own studies on the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics. In 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Born's fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wave function. Much of the theoretical power behind the development of the first atomic bomb was due to many of those surrounding Born at Göttingen and working on atomic physics and quantum mechanics.

A practicing Lutheran but classified by the Nazis as a Jew, Born was forced to leave Germany in 1933 (and for this reason was not awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933 it was awarded to his “Aryan” colleague Heiselberg). He was invited to Cambridge, where he taught for three years as Stokes Lecturer. In 1936 he was appointed Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy in Edinburgh, where he worked until his retirement in 1953.

Born was awarded fellowships at many universities. He was presented with the Stokes Medal of Cambridge, the Max Planck Medaille der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (i.e. of the German Physical Society); the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society, London, the Hugo Grotius Medal for International Law, and was also awarded the MacDougall-Brisbane Prize and the Gunning-Victoria Jubilee Prize of the Royal Society, Edinburgh. In 1953 he was made honorary citizen of the city of Göttingen and a year later was granted the Nobel Prize for Physics. He was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit of the German Federal Republic in 1959.

מוריץ מושקובסקי (1854-1925) פסנתרן ומלחין.

Richard Cassirer (1868-1925), neurologist, born in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland) who became Professor of Neurology at Berlin University, a position which he continued to hold from 1912 to 1925, the year of his death. Cassirer studied in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. He received his doctorate in 1891 and subsequently was assistant at the psychiatric clinic in Breslau under Karl Wernicke (1848-1905) until 1893. He then went to Vienna, Austria, in order to continue his studies. In 1895 he came to the Berliner Poliklinik für Nervenkranke. With R. Hirschfeld he directed this clinic from 1919 until his death in 1925.

Cassirer chiefly concerned himself with clinical neurology as well as the anatomy of the central nervous system; he investigated the vasomotor-trophical and in this regard succeeded in defining the acroasphyxia chronica. He also investigated the anatomy of the vegetative system, the bulbar and spinal marrow diseases, poliomyelitis chronica, multiple sclerosis, prognoses and indications of the operative treatment of lesions of the peripheral nerves, muscular atrophy, etc. His later years were mainly devoted to writing a new edition of Oppenheimer's textbook.

In 1912 he first described a circulatory disease marked by an association of ovarian insufficiency and acrocyanosis with vasomotor-trophic disturbance of the skin, and disturbances of sensitivity caused by dysregulation of the vegetative nervous system which has been given the eponymic name of "Cassirer's syndrome" or "Crocq-Cassirer syndrome". In 1921, Cassirer was asked to give testimony regarding the mental condition of Soghomon Tehlirian, who was accused of murdering Talaat Pasha. Cassirer maintained that Tehlirian was not sane when he carried out the crime because of his psychotic state caused as a result of his family being victims of a war-time massacre.

Cassirer's portrait was painted by renowned artist Max Liebermann in 1918, and later presented to the Tate Gallery in London, England.

Arthur Korn (1870-1945), mathematician, physicist, and inventor, best known for his contribution to the field of telephotography that led to the development of the fax machine, born in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland). After attending high schools in Breslau and Berlin, he studied at the University of Leipzig, graduating in 1880. Korn continued his studies at the universities of Berlin, Wurzburg, Paris, and London. He began his academic career in Munich, working there until 1914, when he became a lecturer at The Technical University of Berlin. Following the rise to power of the Nazis in Germany in 1935, he lost his position and only in 1939 managed to leave Germany and immigrated to the United States. Until his death he served as lecturer in physics and mathematics at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ. In addition to his mathematical contributions to potential theory, Korn was also an accomplished experimentalist. In 1904 he succeeded in the first telegraphic transmission of images, a technique that he refined in the years to follow. His works include a German translation of Jean d’Alembert’s, Traite de Dynamique of 1743, Lehrbuch der Potentialtheorie: Allgemeine Theorie des Potentials und der Potentialfunktionen im Raume (1899), and Handbuch der Phototelegraphie (1911) as well as numerous articles published in German scientific journals.

 

Fritz Leopold Friedrich c(1871-1926), conductor, born in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, in Poland). He was one of the early proponents of the music of Frederick Delius, and conducted the premiere of Delius's first opera. Fritz Cassirer studied music after which he was appointed to conducting posts in several German opera houses including Luebeck, Posen (Poznan), Saarbruecken and Elberfeld. While Cassirer was in charge of the Elberfeld opera, his colleague Hans Haym introduced him to the music of Frederick Delius, which at the time was little known in Germany. Cassirer became a strong advocate of Delius's music. He conducted the première of Delius's opera Koanga at Elberfeld in 1904, helped Delius choose the Nietzsche text for his secular choral work, A Mass of Life, and organized the premiere of another Delius opera, A Village Romeo and Juliet at the Berlin Komische Oper in 1907.

Cassirer was a member of the Komische Oper company that visited London in 1907, playing Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann. While in London he conducted concerts, at one of which, with Thomas Beecham's New Symphony Orchestra, he presented Delius's Appalachia. Beecham, who had hitherto known nothing of Delius's music, expressed his "wonderment". After turning down an offer to appear at the Manhattan Opera House, New York, Cassirer retired to Munich, and devoted himself to philosophical and literary studies.

פרדיננד לסל (1825-1864) מדינאי סוציאליסט.