Sergiu Comissiona

Sergiu Comissiona (1928-2005), conductor and violinist, born in Bucharest, Romania. He studied at the Bucharest Music Academy. His first appearance as a conductor took place in 1948. He worked with the Romanian State Ensemble, and the Bucharest Symphony Orchestra. In 1959 he settled in Israel and conducted the Haifa Symphony Orchestra and Israel Chamber Orchestra. Later he moved to the United States and conducted the Ulster and Baltimore Opera Houses. He was the Music Director of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, principal conductor of the Spanish national broadcasting network orchestra in Madrid, he conductor of the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music Symphony. He died in Oklahoma City. 

New York City

The largest urban Jewish community in history; metropolitan area population 11,448,480 (1970), metropolitan area Jewish population 2,381,000 (1968), of which 1,836,000 live in the city itself.

The New York Jewish settlement began in 1654 with the arrival of 23 Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews from Recife, Brazil (a Dutch possession) who were defending the city from Portuguese attack. The director general of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, did not welcome the Jews. They protested to their coreligionists in the Dutch West India company and privileges were granted them. However, they were not allowed to build a synagogue.

The surrender of New Amsterdam to the British in 1664 brought a number of changes to the Jewish settlement.

Generally, civil and religious rights were widened, Jews were permitted to hold and be elected to public office, and restrictions on the building of a synagogue were lifted.

"Shearit Israel", the first congregation in New York, was probably organized in 1706. Between 1729 and 1730, the congregation erected the first synagogue. During this period, the Jewish merchant took a major interest in the business of overseas trade. Jews were the first to introduce cocoa and chocolate to England and were heavily engaged in the coral, textile, and slave trades, and at times had virtual monopolies in the ginger trade.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Jews represented between 1% and 2% of the total New York City population and in 1701, it is estimated that Jews comprised 12% of all businessmen who engaged in foreign trade.

The advent of the American revolution found the Jewish community divided. Some were supporters of the American cause, while others supported the British. The end of the revolution brought many distinct changes. Civil liberties, which were often a matter of governmental whim under the English, became part of the New York State constitution. Opportunities were expanded and new fields opened. One of the distinctive changes in post-war New York was Jewish involvement in the political life of the community, perhaps best seen in the career of Mordecai Manuel Noah, who was High Sheriff of New York in 1821.

The period after the revolutionary war also saw the proliferation of congregational organizations and divisions within the Jewish community as well as mutual aid societies and Landsmannshaften. There were also numerous fraternal orders founded, the most important being the independent order B'nai B'rith, founded in 1843. In 1852, "Jews' hospital" was founded, which later became known as Mount Sinai.

Beginning in the 1870's and continuing for half a century, great migration from Eastern Europe radically altered the demography, social structure, cultural life, and communal order of New York Jewry. During this period, more than 1,000,000 Jews settled in the city. They were overwhelmingly Yiddish speaking and impoverished. On their arrival, East European Jews found a Jewish settlement dominated by a group strikingly different in its cultural background, social standing, and communal outlook. By the 1870's, this older settlement had become middle class in outlook, mercantile in its economic base, and reform in group identity. In 1870, the less affluent and those whose occupations required it lived in the Southern Ward of the Lower East Side, while the German Jews moved half way up the East Side of Manhattan. The relocation of synagogues and the establishment of other Jewish institutions underscored this process of removal and social differentiation, thus dividing the Jewish populace into "uptown" and "downtown" Jews.

In the decade after the civil war, fathers and sons entered the dry-goods business and transformed their establishments Bloomingdale's, Altman's, Macy's, Stern's, Gimbel's, and Abraham and Strauss. A significant number of German Jews entered the field of investment banking. They also played a central role as entrepreneurs in the city's growing ready-made clothing industry. In 1888, of 241 such clothing manufacturers, 234 were Jewish. The immigrant Jews entered the apparel trade in great numbers because it was close at hand, required little training, and allowed the congeniality of working with one's own kind.

During the 1901-1909 period, the groundwork was laid for the emergence of an aggressive, responsible, and progressive Jewish labor movement. The socialist newspaper, "Forward", was developing into the most widely read Yiddish daily and became a major educational medium for the Jewish working class. The "uprising of the 20,000" - a strike of the waistmakers, mostly young women - in the fall of 1909, was followed by the "great revolt" of the cloakmakers a half year later. These strikes increased the numbers and stability of the international ladies garment workers' union (I.L.G.W.U.).

During the last third of the 19th century, the established community built - in addition to imposing temples - a number of large and progressive philanthropic institutions.

Two developments of major significance for the future course of orthodoxy in New York took place between 1910 and movement and in the year 1915 Yeshivat Etz Chaim and the Rabbi Elchanan theological seminary united.

The sharp rise in immigration after 1903 underscored the need for more rational use of the resources and communal wealth which the community possessed. Some downtown leaders recognized the ineffectualness of their own institutions.

In both sectors of the community, the alienation of the younger generation from Judaism and Jewish life was viewed with alarm. These concerns led to the development of the short-lived New York Kehillah, an attempt to create a united community structure. The immediate catalyst was the accusation of the New York police commissioner in 1908 that 50% of the criminals in the city were Jews. Led by Judah Magnus, a coalition of representative leaders established the Kehillah as a federation of Jewish organizations in 1909. Magnus served as chairman until its demise in 1922. The establishment in 1917 of the federation for the support of Jewish philanthropies proved more lasting than the Kehillah.

The Yiddish speaking masses who settled in New York created a rich and varied cultural life. Between 1872 and 1917, 150 journals in Yiddish appeared. The Yiddish theater reinforced the press.

During the 1920's, the New York Jewish unions entered areas of activity never previously known to U.S. trade unions. They conducted large scale adult education, health clinics, a bank, summer resorts, built modern urban housing, and generously subsidized struggling trade unions.

Jews constituted 51% of enrollment in the city's academic high schools in 1931, and 49.6% of the city's college and university students in 1935. Also by the 1930's, over half the city's doctors, lawyers, dentists, and public school teachers were Jews.

As the largest single ethnic group, Jews were a highly important factor in the political life of the city. In no other city could Jews as a group weigh so heavily in politics or were real or alleged Jewish political interest reckoned with so carefully.

In 1967, there were 539 orthodox, 184 conservative, 93 reform, and five unclassified synagogues known in Greater New York; all but 163 of the total were within the city's boundaries. Actual synagogue affiliation tended to be low, however. The city's conservative congregations leaned close to orthodoxy in which most of their members and leaders, at least before 1950, had been raised. The Jewish Theological Seminary is the focal institution of the conservatives and exercised broad spiritual influence in the Jewish and general community. Jewish education in New York followed nationwide trends in the slow disappearance of the Cheder, the rise and decline of the communal Talmud Torahs, and Yiddish schools in the period from 1915 to 1950.

The city of New York is home to the largest Jewish population in the entire United States. Behind the central districts of Israel, New York City has the highest number of Jews in any metropolitan area in the world. By 2013 there was approximately 1.5 – 1.7 million Jews living throughout New York City, accounting for nearly 18% of the city’s total population (8.3 million).

Serving the Jewish people of New York City are several organizations. Many of these focus on Jewish religious practice, healthcare, education and family services. Throughout the city’s five boroughs are many foundations which support local communities and advocate for Jewish and Israeli causes. Some of the major organizations include UJA Federation of New York, The Jewish Communal Fund, The World Jewish Congress, The American Jewish Congress, AJC (Global Jewish Advocacy), The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and COJECO, the Council of Jewish Émigré Community Organizations. There are additionally many local organizations that specialize in the needs of their respective communities, such as the Bensonhurst Council of Jewish Organizations, which is the oldest in New York City, the Bronx Jewish Community Council, the Crown Heights Community Council, the Council of Jewish Organizations of Flatbush, and the Boro Park Community council.

Found across New York City are hundreds of synagogues, representing nearly every movement within Judaism. While the majority of these are in permanent buildings, some are held in temporary places. Many of these are not found in directories. There is an estimated 50 Orthodox synagogues, 8 Conservative, 17 Reform, 2 Reconstructionist and 5-7 which are unaffiliated with any particular movement. Among the wide range of Jewish educational services, are more than 350 private Jewish day schools which serve over 140,000 students. These include 191 high schools, 247 elementary schools and 159 preschools. Outside of school are many programs for Jewish youth, such as the Bnei Akiva Religious Zionist Youth Movement, Friends of Israel Scouts (Tzofim) and Young Judea.

New York City is well known for its numerous cultural institutions and museums. Many are internationally known and visited by thousands every year. Among those of which are culturally focused, are several Jewish museums and Holocaust memorials, such as the Anne Frank Center (USA), Bernard Museum of Judaica, and The Center for Jewish History. Other museums include the Derfner Judaica Museum, Museum of Jewish Heritage, Jewish Museum (New York), Living Torah Museum, Yeshiva University Museum and the Jewish Children’s Museum. New York City also has many Jewish cultural centers including the JCC Manhattan, YIVO (Institute for Jewish Research), the Leo Baeck Institute, the American Jewish Historical Society and the American Sephardi Federation.

Significant Jewish immigration began in the late 1800s with major waves taking place between 1881 and 1945. Additional waves of Jewish immigration began following the establishment of the State of Israel. During the 1950s and 1960s as many as 300,000 Israelis immigrated to the United States. Israeli Immigration continued throughout the 1970s and has ever since. By 2000, approximately 30,000 Israeli Jews were living in New York City. The Israeli community is well known for its entrepreneurship, having opened many startups and branches of existing Israeli businesses. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, new waves of Jewish immigrants began arriving to New York City. In the 1980s and 1990s, the city’s Jewish population was greatly augmented by the Jews of Eastern and Central Europe and the Caucasus region. These included the Georgian and Bukharian communities as well as Ashkenazi Jews from the Baltic Republics, Moldova and the Ukraine. In 2012, the more than 350,000 immigrants from the former Soviet Union in New York City were Jewish.

Over generations, Jews have developed various communities throughout New York City creating several Jewish enclaves. Boro Park in Brooklyn for example is home to the largest Orthodox community in the world. Other notable Jewish neighborhoods include Crown Heights, Flatbush, Williamsburg and Midwood Brooklyn, Forest Hills and Fresh Meadows Queens, the Upper East and Upper West Side as well as Lower East Side in Manhattan, and the predominantly Hasidic neighborhoods of Willowbrook, New Springville, Eltingville and New Brighton.

Serving these neighborhoods as well as the rest of New York are several hospitals and health care facilities which were established by the Jewish community. In addition to Mount Sinai, one of New York’s oldest and largest hospitals, are several medical centers including Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, the Montefiore Medical Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, Maimonides Medical Center, the Sephardic Bikur Holim, Yeshiva University’s Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jewish Home Life Care, and the Hebrew Home for the aged. Found throughout these Jewish neighborhoods are many historic landmarks. In some cases, the neighborhoods themselves are the landmarks. The Lower East Side is a perfect example. Others include historic synagogues such as the Kehila Kedosha Janina, the only Romaniote (Greek) synagogue in the entire western hemisphere, or the Eldridge Street Synagogue, the first Eastern European Orthodox synagogue. Another group of landmarks include famous restaurants like Katz’s Delicatessen and Streit’s Matzo Company.

Since early Jewish immigration, New York City’s Jewish leaders developed foundations to keep medical centers like communal organizations alive. A number of Jewish Federations are overseen by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Other funding and support come from organizations like the Steinhardt Foundation for Jewish Life, the Jewish Communal Fund, Hadassah, Yeshiva University and the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Being a community that numbers nearly 2 million, the Jews of New York City enjoy several Jewish media outlets, including radio and print news. Notable periodicals include the Jewish Week and the Jewish Post of New York. Others include the Manhattan Jewish Sentinel, the Long Island Jewish World and Five Towns Jewish Times. There is even a Yiddish language newspaper known as The Jewish Daily Forward.   

Baltimore

Largest city in the state of Maryland, USA, founded in 1729

Early History

The first Jews in the city at the start of the 19th century were from Germany and Holland and by 1860 the Jewish population numbered more than 8,000, with both Orthodox and radical Reform. With the arrival of Jews from Eastern Europe many landsmannschaft synagogues were opened.

The first Jewish school was opened in 1842, and ten years later a society was formed to provide education for poor and orphaned children. At the start of the 20th century the running of the schools passed to the community, but by the 1950s it had returned to synagogal auspices. Samson Benderly was among those who worked to further Jewish education in Baltimore, and at the start of the 20th century Louis l. Kaplan served as Director of the Board of Jewish education. Several Jewish newspapers appeared in the city in English, German, and Yiddish; a monthly - "Sinai" - edited by David Einhorn, a Reform radical (1856); and the first American Hebrew weekly “Ha-Pisgah” (1891-1893).

Famous rabbis include David Einhorn, Abraham Rice, Benjamin Szold, Bernard Illowy and Jacob Agus. Outstanding in Baltimore's cultural life were the sculptor Ephraim Kaiser, the painters Saul Bernstein and Louis Rosenthal, the writer Gertrude Stein, and the poet Karl Shapiro.

There were two wealthy families, the Ettings and the Cohens, among the early settlers who came from Bavaria. These settlers were mainly peddlers and small traders until they rose to become traders in the garment industry. The German Jews did all they could to stop the influx of east European Jews to their city and employed them in harsh conditions which led to the formation of the needle trade unions after strikes and lockouts had occurred. The Sonneborn firm, one of the largest men's clothing factories in the USA, was forced into collective bargaining in 1914. The immigrants lived in overcrowded poor conditions, but they organized a rich social and cultural life - also involving the Zionists, the Bundists and Anarchists, Orthodox and Maskilim. A night school was started in 1889 by Henrietta Szold and became the prototype of night schools in the country. Many Jews opened their own enterprises and achieved wealth, including Jacob Epstein, who built a successful mail order business.
Jews have served at all levels of city, state and federal government; Etting and Cohen were members of the city council in 1826, Isidor Rayner served as a member of the US Senate 1904-1912, Philip Perlman was solicitor-general, the first Jew to hold this post, and after him Simon Sobeloff. Marvin Mandel was Governor of the State of Maryland.

Baltimore was an important Zionist center. In the 1880s one of the first Hibbat Zion groups arose in the city. The only American delegate to the first Zionist congress in Basel was R. Shepzel Schaffer from Baltimore and the ophthalmologist Harry Friederwald was the second president of the American Zionist Federation. Henrietta Szold, a native of Baltimore, began the Zionist work there, and in 1905 the founding convention of Poalei Zion in the United States took place. The local Hadassah organization had no less than 6,300 members.

In 1970 there were in Baltimore 92,000 Jews with 50 synagogues and a community center, among the largest in America. More than 90% of Jewish children went to Jewish schools. In addition to part-time schools, Baltimore had three Jewish day schools with 1,500 students - 15% of all local Jewish students, a higher percentage than the national average of 10%. Two institutions of higher learning are Hebrew college, founded by Israel Eros with 800 students, and a rabbinical college "Ner Israel" founded in 1933 by Rabbi Jacob I. Ruderman, with about 500 students. Thousands of adults attended various courses run by the Hebrew college and by large synagogues and in 1960 the Jewish Historical Society of Maryland was organized. From 1919 the weekly "Jewish Times" appeared. A central philanthropic organization was set up, also operating in educational fields. Of all the patients treated at the organization's Sinai hospital, 70% are non- Jews.

In 1997 there were 100,000 Jews in Baltimore.


Early 21st Century

In 2010, according to a study sponsored by the Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore, the city’s Jewish population was numbered at 93,400 people. By 2013, Baltimore and the surrounding metropolitan area boasted a community of nearly 100,000 Jews, approximately four percent of the city’s total population. Almost half of the Jews living in Baltimore were born in other locations in the United States.

Following the Islamic revolution in 1979, many Jews from Iran began to settle in Baltimore. In 1981, ten immigrants from Iran established the Ohr HaMizrach Congregation and Sephardic Center. By 2010, it served an estimated one hundred fifty Persian-Jewish families. During the late 1980s and 1990s, a large number of Jewish families from the former Soviet Union immigrated to the United States. By 2012, they comprised nearly four percent of Baltimore’s Jewish population.

In the Greater Baltimore area are a number of non-profit, community-based organizations which serve more than 43,000 Jewish households. These organizations work to promote Jewish values and to strengthen the Jewish community. They sponsor a variety of programs for children, families and adults. They also provide a wide range of services including healthcare, food, housing, education and financial support. Such organizations include the Hebrew Free Loan Association, Jewish Community Services, the Counseling, Helpline & Aid Network for Abused Women, the Pearlstone Center and the Comprehensive Housing & Assistance Inc. Educational programs and support can be found at the Louise D. and Morton J. Macks Center for Jewish Education, the Baltimore Hebrew Institute, and Shemesh. Many of these organizations are directly sponsored by or are in partnership with The Associated: Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore. The Jewish Volunteer Connection (JVC) for example is one such program. Similar programs are organized by the Jewish Community Center and the Baltimore Jewish Council.

Providing medical care to thousands throughout Greater Baltimore is two of the city’s most prominent medical centers, the Sinai Hospital and the Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center & Hospital. Additional healthcare facilities include the Jewish Caring Network, the Hachnosas Orchim Program and Bikur Cholim.

By 1999, there were more than sixty synagogues, representing every branch of Judaism, from Orthodox to Reconstructionist. There are thirty-two Orthodox congregations, eight Conservative, four Reform, two Reconstructionist, and possibly sixteen or more who identify as independent. The results of the 2010 Baltimore Jewish Community Study revealed that seventy-four percent of Jewish Baltimore felt that being Jewish was important to them. According to the same study, forty-six percent of Jewish households reported to be members of a congregation, while seventy-six percent reported to attend services weekly and on High Holidays.

Since the end of the 20th century, Baltimore has seen a rise in the number of Jewish schools. The Baltimore Jewish community includes a wide range of Jewish educational programs and institutions. As of 2009, there were more than twenty preschools or daycares and over a dozen day schools for children from the elementary school to high school level. These schools are affiliated with the many branches of Judaism, particularly the Orthodox, Reform, and Conservative movements. As are the city’s fourteen Jewish children’s camps. Baltimore is also home to institutions of higher learning, such as the Ner Israel Rabbinical College and Hebrew University, which was founded by Israel Efros in 1919. The Baltimore Hebrew University was active until 2009 when it merged with Towson University, becoming the Baltimore Hebrew Institute. It offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in Judaic studies.

As a way to promote Jewish life and values, the Jewish community of Greater Baltimore established various cultural centers for children, families and individuals. One in particular is the Jewish Community Center of Greater Baltimore. A constituent agency of The Associated (The Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore), the JCC offers a variety of cultural and social activities and programs including family events, a fitness center and a center for performing arts.

Located in downtown Baltimore is the Jewish Museum of Maryland. Founded in 1960 to restore the Lloyd Street Synagogue, the museum commemorates the history, culture and experience of the Jewish community of Baltimore. It is the largest regional Jewish museum in the United States. Another prominent cultural site is the city’s Holocaust memorial –the Holocaust Memorial Park. The center plaza was designed to resemble the two triangles which form the symbol of the Star-of-David.

Additional Jewish landmarks can be found throughout the city. Reisterstown road is home to the Jewish shopping district, a thriving area full of Judaic gift shops, book stores and several kosher restaurants.

The historic Park Circle district is a frequent attraction for walking tours as it had been the home to an early community of Jews from Eastern Europe. From the early 20th century to the 1960s, Park Circle had been a predominantly Jewish neighborhood.

An important icon of Baltimore’s Jewish history is the site of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum. Built in 1875, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Included on the campus of the Jewish Museum of Maryland is the Lloyd Street Synagogue. Founded in 1845, it is America’s third-oldest surviving synagogue.

At the turn of the 20th century, nearly ninety-two thousand Jews lived in Greater Baltimore. Approximately six percent of all households were Jewish. At the time, one quarter of the Jewish population lived within the city limits while seventy percent resided in suburban areas. Many Jewish households lived in predominantly Jewish areas. Major Jewish enclaves were established in Northwest Baltimore neighborhoods like Upper Park Heights, Mount Washington and Pikesville, which is home to one of the largest Jewish communities in all of Maryland.

The Jewish community of Baltimore has a long history of philanthropy and community aid. According to the 2010 Baltimore Jewish Community Study, nearly eighty-seven percent of Jewish households donate to a charity. Sixty-three percent donate to Jewish organizations, programs or causes. In the late 19th century, several charities were established by the German-Jewish community. Many of these charities developed to support the incoming waves of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, many of whom were very poor. As Eastern European Jews established themselves in Baltimore, they began to develop their own charities and communal programs. By the 20th century, two philanthropic networks existed. German Jews created the Federated Jewish Charities and Eastern European Jews established the United Hebrew Charities. In 1921, the two merged, forming the Associated Jewish Charities.

The Sinai Hospital and the Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center were created by the United Benevolent Society which was founded in 1834. One of the largest and most successful philanthropic organizations in Baltimore is The Associated. Also known as the Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore, they fund a variety of programs which benefit the Jewish community including financial and social services, healthcare, education, recreation and cultural activities.

Providing Baltimore’s Jewish community with news and entertainment is the Baltimore Jewish Times, a subscription-based weekly publication founded in 1919 by David Alter. It is the largest and oldest Jewish publication in Maryland and one of the premiere independent Jewish newspapers in the United States. The Baltimore Jewish Times is also the publisher of the Washington Jewish Week and Jewishtimes.com. Another source of Jewish news is the Baltimore Jewish Life, a website developed by professionals in the Orthodox Jewish community of Baltimore. Like the Baltimore Jewish Times, Baltimore Jewish Life publishes articles and content of local and international interest. Both function as educational tools and work to promote Jewish values in the Baltimore community.