קהילת יהודי טרייסט

Friedler, Hugo (1908-1959), Jewish youth organizer, who was born in Trieste, Italy (then part of Austria-Hunagay), became a Zionist in his youth and was influenced by Rabbi Z.P. Chajes when his parents moved to Leoben, a small university town 70 km to the the south west of Vienna, which in those days was a stronghold of anti-Semitic activity. There were several foreign Jews who studied at the local university who were associated with Zionist activities in the town and helped sustain a strong Jewish life in this provincial centre.

In 1918, Friedler joined the youth group and also the Hakoach Jewish sports club. In 1921 his parents went to live in Vienna where the young Friedler immediately joined the Jung Juda ("Young Judeans") Zionist youth group, which later amalgamated into the Blau Weiss ("Blue White") movement of which he was soon became a group leader. In 1928 he joined a group of Radical Zionists and two years later the Union of Jabotinsky's Revisionists. In 1930 he returned to Leoben, where to took on the full-time task of being responsible for all the youth Zionist activities of the Jewish communities of the towns of the province of Styria. In the 1930s the situation of Jews throughout Austria deteriorated and his work was concentrated in maintaining the morale of his young charges. After the anexation of Austria by Nazi Germany the situation deteriorated still further. All public pro-Zionist activities ceased. Friedler became involved in helping to arrange illegal emigration to Palestine. Many Jewish youngsters took advantage of the possibility. He himself began to consider and then organize his own emigration. In 1939, at almost the last moment, he obtained a Certificate of Emigration and came to Palestine.

He settled in Haifa. Friedler held a number of minor positions but never really established himself in Israeli society.

Hebrew poet

Born in Trieste, Italy (then part of Austria), in 1790, into a famous Jewish Italian family who numbered many scholars. She was educated at home, studied Hebrew, and already at the age of fourteen could read the Bible and various Jewish commentaries in original. Her studies also included the Talmud and at the age of eighteen, she started composing Hebrew poetry. Rachel Luzzatto married Jacob Morpurgo when she was twenty-nine, after many years during which her parents opposed the marriage to a modest merchant. Rachel wrote Hebrew poetry during her entire life, many of her poems were published in Kochvei Yitzhak (Stars of Isaac), a Hebrew journal published in Vienna. Rachel Morpurgo's poems echo motifs taken from the Jewish traditions as well as ideas of the age of Enlightenment, while her old age work is more centered on mystic contemplation of the love of God and Messianic ideas. Her poems were collected and published in 1890.

משורר. נולד למשפחה שמקורה באקיליאה (Aquileia), והתגורר תחילה בליבורנו ואחר כך בטרייסט, איטליה. אבולעפיה התחיל לכתוב בגיל שלוש-עשרה, אך כתביו המוקדמים אבדו. יצירתו היחידה שהתפרסמה היא בן זקונים (1793). חלקה הראשון נקרא "יסוד עולם" והוא הקדמה ללימודי התלמוד לתלמיד הצעיר, ואילו חלקה השלישי הוא אוסף של פרשנויות מאת מלומדים שאינם יהודים. חלקה השני, "מזמור לדוד", כולל שירים והספדים, המעידים על בקיאותו של הכותב במיתולוגיה ובספרות הקלאסית.

Carasso, Emanuel (1862-1934), lawyer and statesman born in Salonika, Greece (than part of the Ottoman Empire). Carasso taught criminal law at the University of Salonika. He was one of the first non-Moslems members of the Ottoman Freedom Society which became part of the Committee of Union and Progress. As such he joined the Young Turks movement and in 1908 was elected one of the six deputies who represented the city of Salonika in the Ottoman parliament. When asked to become a member of the government he refused. He was one of the three members of the parliamentary committee which informed Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the last Ottoman sultan to rule with absolute power, of his deposition in 1909. In 1910 he was invited to direct the ministry of Commerce and Public Affairs, but once again he declined. He was a member of the committee which negotiated the peace treaty between Italy and Turkey after the 1912 war and was also closely involved in the negotiations which were designed to internationalize Salonika. In recognition of his services he was awarded a concession to export Turkish goods to Germany.

Carasso was one of the founders of the Macedonian Risorta Masonic Lodge in Thessaloniki. Later he became president of the Lodge. The Masonic Lodges and other secret societies became the meeting places for sympathizers of the Young Turk movement. He worked for the coordination of the activities of Jewish organizations in Turkey. Strenuously opposing Zionist settlement in Ottoman Palestine, he believed that Jews should be Turks first and Jews only second.

After Kemal Ataturk came to power in 1923, Carasso lost influence. He went to live in Italy an died in Trieste in 1934. He was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Arnvutkoy, Istanbul. His nephew Isaac Carasso was the founder of the Danone food group.

מוג'יה

MUGGIA

שמות משפחה נובעים מכמה מקורות שונים. לעיתים לאותו שם קיים יותר מהסבר אחד. שם משפחה זה הוא מסוג השמות הטופונימיים (שם הנגזר משם של מקום כגון עיירה, עיר, מחוז או ארץ). שמות אלו, אשר נובעים משמות של מקומות, לא בהכרח מעידים על קשר היסטורי ישיר לאותו מקום, אבל יכולים להצביע על קשר בלתי ישיר בין נושא השם או אבותיו לבין מקום לידה, מגורים ארעיים, אזור מסחר או קרובי משפחה.

שם משפחה זה נגזר משמה של היירה מוג'יה במחוז טריסטה בצפון מזרח איטליה הנמצאת בסמוך לגבול עם סלובניה. 

שמות של מקומות, מחוזות וארצות מוצא יכולים להיות לפעמים מקורם של שמות משפחה יהודיים. אבל, בהעדרו של תיעוד משפחתי אמין, שמות משפחה המבוססים על שמות של מקומות לא יכולים להעיד על מוצאה של המשפחה.

מוג'יה מתועד כשם משפחה יהודי עם פרנקה מוג'יה, תושבת העיר וניציה, אשר נולדה בשנת 1909 ונספתה בשואה.

טריאסטה

TRIESTE

שמות משפחה נובעים מכמה מקורות שונים. לעיתים לאותו שם קיים יותר מהסבר אחד. שם משפחה זה הוא מסוג השמות הטופונימיים (שם הנגזר משם של מקום כגון עיירה, עיר, מחוז או ארץ). שמות אלו, אשר נובעים משמות של מקומות, לא בהכרח מעידים על קשר היסטורי ישיר לאותו מקום, אבל יכולים להצביע על קשר בלתי ישיר בין נושא השם או אבותיו לבין מקום לידה, מגורים ארעיים, אזור מסחר או קרובי משפחה.

שם משפחה זה נגזר משמה של העיר טריאסטה בצפון מזרח איטליה. ההתיישבות היהודית בטריאסטה התחילה ככל הנראה לפני סוף המאה ה-14.

שמות של מקומות, מחוזות וארצות מוצא יכולים להיות לפעמים מקורם של שמות משפחה יהודיים. אבל, בהעדרו של תיעוד משפחתי אמין, שמות משפחה המבוססים על שמות של מקומות לא יכולים להעיד על מוצאה של המשפחה.

טריאסטה מתועד כשם משפחה יהודי עם צ'לינה טריאסטה, תושבת העיר וונציה, איטליה, אשר נולדה בפדובה, איטליה, בשנת 1906 ונספתה בשואה.  

טקס הפתיחה מחדש של בית הכנסת הגדול בטריאסט,
איטליה, קיץ 1945.
הרב ליפשיץ, רב הגדוד ה-II בבריגדה היהודית, במדים ועטוף בטלית, קורא בתורה. בית הכנסת הגדול נבנה במאה ה-19 ובתקופת מלחמת
העולם ה-II שימש את הצבא הגרמני כמחסן גרוטאות
(המרכז לתיעוד חזותי ע"ש אוסטר, בית התפוצות,
באדיבות חנה גיל, ישראל)

כנס רבנים צבאיים של צבא אוסטריה,
טריאסט, 1917.
(המרכז לתיעוד חזותי ע"ש אוסטר, בית התפוצות)

Friedler, Hugo (1908-1959), Jewish youth organizer, who was born in Trieste, Italy (then part of Austria-Hunagay), became a Zionist in his youth and was influenced by Rabbi Z.P. Chajes when his parents moved to Leoben, a small university town 70 km to the the south west of Vienna, which in those days was a stronghold of anti-Semitic activity. There were several foreign Jews who studied at the local university who were associated with Zionist activities in the town and helped sustain a strong Jewish life in this provincial centre.

In 1918, Friedler joined the youth group and also the Hakoach Jewish sports club. In 1921 his parents went to live in Vienna where the young Friedler immediately joined the Jung Juda ("Young Judeans") Zionist youth group, which later amalgamated into the Blau Weiss ("Blue White") movement of which he was soon became a group leader. In 1928 he joined a group of Radical Zionists and two years later the Union of Jabotinsky's Revisionists. In 1930 he returned to Leoben, where to took on the full-time task of being responsible for all the youth Zionist activities of the Jewish communities of the towns of the province of Styria. In the 1930s the situation of Jews throughout Austria deteriorated and his work was concentrated in maintaining the morale of his young charges. After the anexation of Austria by Nazi Germany the situation deteriorated still further. All public pro-Zionist activities ceased. Friedler became involved in helping to arrange illegal emigration to Palestine. Many Jewish youngsters took advantage of the possibility. He himself began to consider and then organize his own emigration. In 1939, at almost the last moment, he obtained a Certificate of Emigration and came to Palestine.

He settled in Haifa. Friedler held a number of minor positions but never really established himself in Israeli society.

Carasso, Emanuel (1862-1934), lawyer and statesman born in Salonika, Greece (than part of the Ottoman Empire). Carasso taught criminal law at the University of Salonika. He was one of the first non-Moslems members of the Ottoman Freedom Society which became part of the Committee of Union and Progress. As such he joined the Young Turks movement and in 1908 was elected one of the six deputies who represented the city of Salonika in the Ottoman parliament. When asked to become a member of the government he refused. He was one of the three members of the parliamentary committee which informed Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the last Ottoman sultan to rule with absolute power, of his deposition in 1909. In 1910 he was invited to direct the ministry of Commerce and Public Affairs, but once again he declined. He was a member of the committee which negotiated the peace treaty between Italy and Turkey after the 1912 war and was also closely involved in the negotiations which were designed to internationalize Salonika. In recognition of his services he was awarded a concession to export Turkish goods to Germany.

Carasso was one of the founders of the Macedonian Risorta Masonic Lodge in Thessaloniki. Later he became president of the Lodge. The Masonic Lodges and other secret societies became the meeting places for sympathizers of the Young Turk movement. He worked for the coordination of the activities of Jewish organizations in Turkey. Strenuously opposing Zionist settlement in Ottoman Palestine, he believed that Jews should be Turks first and Jews only second.

After Kemal Ataturk came to power in 1923, Carasso lost influence. He went to live in Italy an died in Trieste in 1934. He was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Arnvutkoy, Istanbul. His nephew Isaac Carasso was the founder of the Danone food group.

משורר. נולד למשפחה שמקורה באקיליאה (Aquileia), והתגורר תחילה בליבורנו ואחר כך בטרייסט, איטליה. אבולעפיה התחיל לכתוב בגיל שלוש-עשרה, אך כתביו המוקדמים אבדו. יצירתו היחידה שהתפרסמה היא בן זקונים (1793). חלקה הראשון נקרא "יסוד עולם" והוא הקדמה ללימודי התלמוד לתלמיד הצעיר, ואילו חלקה השלישי הוא אוסף של פרשנויות מאת מלומדים שאינם יהודים. חלקה השני, "מזמור לדוד", כולל שירים והספדים, המעידים על בקיאותו של הכותב במיתולוגיה ובספרות הקלאסית.

Hebrew poet

Born in Trieste, Italy (then part of Austria), in 1790, into a famous Jewish Italian family who numbered many scholars. She was educated at home, studied Hebrew, and already at the age of fourteen could read the Bible and various Jewish commentaries in original. Her studies also included the Talmud and at the age of eighteen, she started composing Hebrew poetry. Rachel Luzzatto married Jacob Morpurgo when she was twenty-nine, after many years during which her parents opposed the marriage to a modest merchant. Rachel wrote Hebrew poetry during her entire life, many of her poems were published in Kochvei Yitzhak (Stars of Isaac), a Hebrew journal published in Vienna. Rachel Morpurgo's poems echo motifs taken from the Jewish traditions as well as ideas of the age of Enlightenment, while her old age work is more centered on mystic contemplation of the love of God and Messianic ideas. Her poems were collected and published in 1890.

Oskar Danon (1913-2009), composer and conductor, born in Sarajevo, Bosnia (then part of Austria-Hungary). He studied music in his native Yugoslavia, then in Prague, Czech Republic, earning a PhD in musicology from Charles University. He was a conductor in Sarajevo until Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and its allies in 1941.

During the war, Danon joined the partisan forces led by Josip Broz Tito. He served as deputy commander in a number of partisan battalions and reached the rank of major. In 1944 he was transferred to the Cultural Department of the Partisan General Staff and was one of the founders of the partisan theater and choir. He composed several songs, including Uz Maršala Tita ("Together with Marshal Tito"), the Yugoslav partisan anthem which became popular in German occupied Yugoslavia.

After the war he served as the musical director of the Belgrade Opera between 1944-1965. He was director of Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra in Ljubljana from 1970 to 1974, of the Radio Zagreb Symphony Orchestra, and of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra. Danon conducted the festive concert celebrating 400-year of Sarajevo Jewry held on October 14, 1966 in Sarajevo, attended by representatives of the local government and representatives from Israel.

Danon directed various orchestras in the world, among them the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London (1962-1963), Vienna State Opera (1964), the Verdi Theatre in Trieste, Italy. He recorded a large number of works by Smetana, Enescu, Dvořák, Rimsky-Korsakov, Prokofiev, Stravinsky Saint-Saëns, Wagner, Verdi, Mussorgsky, Puccini, Kalman, Stravinsky, Cesar Franck and others.

Danon was a professor at the Belgrade Music Academy. He was a member and president of the Association of Music Artists of Serbia. Danon was awarded the October Award of the City of Belgrade. He died in Belgrade, Serbia.

אקויליאה

Aquileia 

עיר מצפון מערב לטרייסטה, צפון איטליה.

בחפירות בשנים 1948, 1950 נתגלתה בעיר רצפת פסיפס ו-36 כתובות, שנוטים ליחס אותן לבית-הכנסת העתיק. מציבות יהודיות נמצאו מן התקופה הרומאית המאוחרת ומן המאה ה-12. מבני המקום ראויים לציון ר' מנחם, תלמידו של אלעזר בן יהודה מוורמס (המאה ה-13), והחוקר והמשורר דוד בן מרדכי אבולעפיה, בן המאה ה-18.

Istria

Peninsula in the northern Adriatic, Croatia.

 

History

Jews were living in Istria in the latter part of the 14th century, as there is record of them opening a money lending enterprise in Capodistria in 1380. Other such businesses were established in the towns of Isola, Pirano, Rovigno, Pola, and Veglia.

Jews from Germany settled in Istria in the 1480s, mainly in the towns of Trieste, Muggia, Pirano, Parenzo, and Capodistria. They engaged in banking and trade under the protection of local rulers, and later the republic of Venice.

The most important of the banks was in Pirano. “ Capitoli,” agreements between the municipality and the bankers, approved by the republic of Venice in 1484, show that Pirano was obliged to provide the Jews with animals for slaughter according to Hebrew rites, a field for a cemetery, and to permit them to invite other Jews, including teachers for their sons, to settle in the city. Jewish males above the age of 13 were required to wear an “O” (from GuideO, Italian for Jew) on their clothing, except when travelling through Venetian domains.

In 1502 a German Jew Asher Lemmlein (Lammlin) appeared in Istria announcing the coming of the Messiah within six months, providing the Jews showed great repentance and practiced charity. He predicted that a pillar of cloud and smoke would precede the Jews on their way to Jerusalem. Lemmlein gained many adherents including Christians but he suddenly died or disappeared when his prophecies were not fulfilled. The movement he began came to an abrupt end.

Jewish banks in Istria continued to function with interruptions until the middle of the 17th century. In 1634 a Monti di Pieta, a form of organized charity granting loans at moderate interest run by the Catholic Church as an alternative to money lenders, was established in Pirano, and subsequently others were opened elsewhere in Istria. By the end of the 17th century, having lost their hold on the business of money lending, most Jews left Istria and settled in Italy.

After the middle of the 18th century the only significant Jewish community remaining in Istria was that of Trieste.  

גוריציה
עיר בצפון מזרח איטליה, עד 1918 בשליטת אוסטריה.

ב- 1969 ישבו בעיר 30 יהודים, שנה אחר כך צורף היישוב לקהילת טרייסטה וחדל להתקיים כגוף עצמאי.

לראשונה נזכרים יהודים בגוריציה באמצע המאה ה- 14.

ב- 1648 נוסד הגטו בעיר ולקראת סוף המאה ה- 18 מנתה הקהילה האשכנזית כ- 270 נפש, ביניהם מגורשים מיישובים קטנים בסביבה.

רוב יהודי גוריציה עסקו בהלוואות בריבית. עם ילידי המקום נמנה החוקר יצחק שמואל רג'ו (יש"ר), ששימש כרב הקהילה שנים מספר.

ב- 1931 נמצאו בגוריציה 288 יהודים. בימי השואה במלחמת העולם השניה (1939 - 1945) נשלחו 45 יהודים מגוריציה אל מחנות השמדה.