Vladikavkaz
Владикавка́з
Until 1932 Vladikavkaz; 1944-1954 Dzaudzhikau or Ordzhonikidze; now Vladikavkaz
Capital of Northern Ossetia, northern Caucasus, Russia
In 1784 the Russian government erected a fortress which dominated the road crossing the Caucasus; from the 1830s there were always some Jewish soldiers in the fortress and it was, in fact, demobilized soldiers who founded the community. A prayer room was erected in 1865, and about 20 years later authorization for the construction of a synagogue was obtained. A community of Subbotniki (Judaizes) also existed in the town. During the 1890s the administration began to oppress the Jews. There were 1,214 Jews (about 2.8% of the total population) in 1897 and in 1926 about 1,000 (1.3% of the population).
When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, they were brought to a halt on the outskirts of the town and so the Jewish inhabitants were saved. In 1959 about 2,000 Jews lived in the town.
סטארודוב (Starodub)
עיר בפלך בריאנסק (Bryansk Oblast), רוסיה.
היישוב היהודי בסטארודוב מוזכר לראשונה בקשר לפרעות חמיילניצקי ב-1649-1648, כאשר הקוזאקים כבשו את העיר ורצחו את תושביה היהודים.
מאוחר יותר היהודים שוב התיישבו בסטארודוב, אך בעת מלחמת הצפון, כאשר העיר נכבשה על ידי הצבא השוודי (1708), חיילים שוודיים הרגו כ-50 יהודים בעיר.
ב-1847 נמנו בסטארודוב 2,558 יהודים, ובשנת 1897 חיו בסטארודוב 5,109 יהודים (42% מכלל האוכלוסייה).
הקהילה הושפעה במידה רבה מחסידות חב"ד, שבאמצע המאה ה-19 הקימה בסטארודוב "ישיבה" גדולה. ה"ישיבה" נסגרה ב-1881 בפקודת השלטונות, בעקבות הלשנה של יהודי מן המשכילים, שטען שהחסידים מתחמקים משירות צבאי ועוסקים בזיופים ובהונאה.
בפרעות באוקטובר 1905 נהרגו מספר יהודים בעיר. תחת השלטון הסובייטי הקהילה ומוסדותיה התפרקו.
ב-1926 נמנו 3,317 יהודים בסטארודוב (26.6% מכלל האוכלוסייה).
ב-1941 בעת הכיבוש הגרמני כל היהודים שלא הצליחו להימלט נרצחו.
אין מידע על חיים יהודיים בסטארודוב אחרי המלחמה.
Bakhchisarai
Bakhchysarai
A town in Crimea, now in Russia.
From the 16th to the 18th centuries it was the capital of the khans of Crimea. A settlement of Rabbanite Jews (Krimchaks) as well as of Karaites evidently existed in Bakhchisarai in the second half of the 18th century. In the 1870s the Karaites abandoned Chufut-Kale, approximately 1.1/4 mi. (about 2 km.) To the east, and moved to Bakhchisarai. A Jewish traveler in the 1870s found about 20 families of Rabbanite jews and some 70 Karaite families the Hebrew poet Saul Tchernichowsky wrote several poems about Bakhchisarai.
The community decreased after World War I. The remaining Jews were nearly all murdered during the German occupation in World War II.
Omsk
Омск
A city and administrative center, Omsk Oblast, southwestern Siberia, Russia
In 2003 the synagogue in Omsk switched its affiliation from the Progressive movement to Chabad. Shortly after the switch was made, the Chabad-affiliated Federation of Jewish Communities (FJC) sent Rabbi Osher Krichevsky, who was originally from Israel, to helm Omsk's Jewish community. Through the FJC, Rabbi Krichevsky runs a Jewish kindergarten and day school, religious services, as well as a number of social and charitable programs. In 2014 a deportation order was issued for Rabbi Krichevsky, ostensibly because he sold unlicensed kosher wine (though many believe it was for politically motivated reasons). The deportation order was repealed a few weeks after it was issued.
HISTORY
The first Jewish settlers in Omsk were those who were exiled to Siberia. Additionally, between 1828 and 1856 Jewish children that were seized for military service were sent to
Cantonist regiments (regiments for Jewish conscripts) in Omsk. The Jewish community of Omsk was founded by the exiles and ex-servicemen after their release from the Russian Army. Omsk's first synagogue was founded in 1855; a second synagogue followed in 1873.
The Jewish population of Omsk was 1,138 (3% of the population) in 1897. By 1926 the Jewish population had jumped to 4,389; in 1939, on the eve of World War II there were 2,135 Jews living in Omsk (1.6% of the total population). The Jewish population was 9,175 in 1959. In 1970 the Jewish population was estimated at about 10,000.
Novosibirsk
Russian: Новосиби́рск
A city in southwestern Siberia. Novosibirsk was founded in 1893. Due to its location on the Trans-Siberian Railway route, which made the city a transportation center, Novosibirsk grew rapidly after its establishment.
21ST CENTURY
The Jewish Agency has been very active in Novosibirsk, offering Sunday Schools, Hebrew language clubs, and classes about Jewish history and culture.
Another major Jewish organization that is active in Novosibirsk is the Federation of the Jewish Communities of the CIS (FJC), a Chabad-affiliated organization that was established in 1998 to help revive Jewish communities throughout the Soviet Union. In Novosibirsk, the FJC runs Beit Menachem, a synagogue and community center that opened in 2013, as well as the Or Avner preschool and day school. The Chabad rabbi, Shneur Zalman Zaklas, has been living in Novisibirsk since 2000 and is the city’s chief rabbi.
In 2013 there were approximately 20,000 Jews living in Novosibirsk, 6,000 of whom were registered members of the Jewish community.
HISTORY
Jews were generally prohibited from settling in Siberia until the latter half of the 19th century, unless they had been sent there as prisoners. With the completion in 1904 of the Trans-Siberian railroad, large numbers of Jewish merchants, traders, artisans, and farmers began settling in Siberia. In 1926 there were 2,301 Jews living in the Novosibirsk region, and by 1939 that number had risen to 11,191. During World War II (1939-1945) large numbers of Jews came to Siberia, both voluntarily and involuntarily, and a significant portion of these refugees and prisoners decided to remain and settle permanently in the region.
In 1948 permission was granted by the city authorities to open a prayer house on Lomonosov Street. It had a general attendance of 30-50 people on Sabbaths, with considerably more attending on holidays. Additionally, another small wooden synagogue was located in the Dzerzhinsky District, on Luchezarnaya Street 23; it would occasionally have so many people attending services that the synagogue ran out of room and additional minyans were held in private apartments.
However, in spite of the considerable presence of Jews in Novosibirsk, between the 1950s and ‘80s it became increasingly difficult, and at times even dangerous, to engage in Jewish practices and build a Jewish community. The synagogues and prayer houses were closed, as were Jewish cultural centers; those who wanted to maintain some Jewish culture or practice had to do so in secret.
Since 1989, however, Novosibirsk’s Jewish community has experienced a revival. At the end of that year the Society of Jewish Culture (NOEK) was officially registered, and began its work reviving the Jewish natural culture, language, and traditions. A Jewish library was established, Hebrew language courses began to be offered, and a Sunday School was organized. Subsequently, during the 1990s, and particularly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of Jewish organizations opened in Novosibirsk. The social welfare organization Esther was established in 1993; another charitable organization, Atikva, was founded in 1996. In 1994 the Jewish Agency opened a Siberian branch in Novosibirsk; that same year also saw the establishment of the Israeli Cultural Center.
AKADEMGORODOK
In 1957 the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established. Akademgorodok became a center for education and science in Siberia, and employed a number of scholars. Notable Jewish scholars who studied and/or taught at Akademgorodok were:
BUDKER Gersh Itskovich (1918-1977)-Physicist; founder and first director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics.
GRANBERG Alexey Grigorievich (1936-2010)-Economist
KANTOROVICH Leonid Vitalievich (1912-1986)-Mathematician and economist
SALGANIK Rudolf Iosifovich (1923)-Biochemist and molecular geneticist
CHAPLIK Alexander Vladimirovich (1937, Odessa)-Physicist
KATZ Arnold Mikhailovich (1924-2007)-Honorary resident of Novosibirsk. Conductor, creator of the Novosibirsk Symphony Orchestra; People's Artist of the USSR (1984)
Information for this article was obtained through Beit Hatfutsot's "Treasuring Communities" project. Special thanks to Daniel Cherzov, a student at Or Avner in Novosibirsk, for your research.